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Table of contents
Introduction to this edition 5
Translator’s note: on safety, etc. 8
Translator’s introduction 9
Introduction to the 2008 edition 15
Chapter I
The Enamellists’ Studio 21
The workshop or workplace 21
Chapter II
Enamels: Types and qualities. Organisation. Conditioning for work. 25
1. What is enamel? 25
Flux 26
Transparent enamels 28
Opaque enamels 28
Opalescent enamels 28
The frit 28
2. Types and qualities 29
Flux 29
Transparent enamels 30
Opaque enamels 31
Opalescent enamels 32
3. Other qualities or textures. 33
4. Organisation of the enamels 33
Numbering 34
Organisation by colour 34
5. Conditioning for work 35
Grinding or refining 35
Washing 38
Silt 40
Drying the enamel 40
6. Storage and conservation 42
Chapter III
The enamellist’s tools, products and supplies 45
1. Desktop tools 45
2. Laboratory tools 48
3. Tools for working metals 48
4. Products and aids 50
Acids and corrosives 50
Cleaning products 53
Gums and adhesives 53
Resists & protectives 54
Oils and essences 54
5. The kiln. 55
Maintenance and care 58
Auxiliary equipment 59
Chapter IV
Metals 67
1. Most common metals 68
Gold & Silver 68
Fineness standards 69
Fusion chart 70
Copper & its alloys 71
Platinum family 72
Thickness of the metal 74
2. Working the metal 75
Scribing and tracing 75
Cutting 77
Sawing 77
Filing 78
Drilling 79
Annealing 79
Doming 80
Alloyed precious metals 86
Chapter V
Application of enamel 89
1. Wet inlay 90
2. Counter-enamel 96
3. Dry application of enamels 98
4. Application with spray gun 101
Chapter VI
Firing enamels 103
1. Firing in a kiln 104
2. Firing with a torch 105
Chapter VII
Operations and treatments of the enamels 109
1. Grinding 109
2. Tracing 110
3. Gold and silver paillons 112
4. Enamel palettes or colour tests 117
5. Removal of enamel 120
6. Defects on the enamel (troubleshooting) 122
7. Mattifying 126
Chapter VIII
Traditional techniques 129
1. Cloisonné 129
Materials and tools 130
Process 130
2. Champlevé 134
Materials and tools 134
Reserve materials 135
Acids and corrosives 135
Process 136
Enamelling 137
Firing 139
Finishing 139
Possibilities 141
Electroforming 142
3. Basse-taille 142
Tools and materials 143
Process 143
Enamelling 146
Firing 147
4. Plique-à-jour 148
Materials and tools 149
Process 149
Firing 150
Finishing 151
Cloisonné and acid method for plique-à-jour 153
Historical processes 155
Enamel cameos 155
5. Ronde-bosse 156
6. Painted enamel 159
7. Noir à tracer 160
8. Blanc de Limoges 162
9. Grisaille 163
Materials 164
Evaporation and fire 165
Opalescent grisaille 167
10. Painting on enamel. Vitrifiable pigments 171
Miniature 173
Materials and tools 173
Essences and oils 175
Tools and implements 175
Mixing 177
Palette or colour tests 178
Application 178
Evaporation 180
Firing 181
Finishing flux 184
Watercolours and other
vitrifiable materials 185
11. Gold, silver and lustres 186
Powdered fine silver 186
Powdered fine gold 188
Burnishable gold 188
Shell gold 189
Metallic lustres 189
Obtaining pure gold
and silver powder 191
Chapter IX
Modern Techniques 195
1. The art of enamel in architecture and urbanism 195
Materials for the support 196
Aluminium 196
Basic steps 197
Application of the enamel 199
Firing 200
2. Sgraffito 200
Hot sgraffito 201
3. Stencils 203
4. Textured metal 206
5. Oxidation, coloration and patina on the metal 208
Oxidation before enamelling 208
Chemical patination of metal 210
Some patina formulas 211
Aged “patina” of the metal 212
6. Niello 212
7. Overfiring the enamel 213
8. Raku 215
9. Metal clay 216
10. Possibilities and experimental techniques 217
Chapter X
Industrial processes 223
1. Decals 223
2. Photo-enamel 225
3. Silkscreen printing 227
4. Lost wax casting 230
Chapter XI
Restoration and conservation of enamel 237
1. Restoration of enamel 237
Cold restoration 238
Hot restoration 239
2. Conservation of enamel 240
Chapter XII
Conceptual aspects 243
1. Concept and design of an enamel 243
2. Mounting and supports for enamel work 247
General aesthetic considerations 247
General technical considerations 248
Image information & credits 250
Bibliography 251
Index 252
